A base class for handling optimisation of scalar functions. More...

#include <GslOptimizer.h>

Inheritance diagram for QUESO::GslOptimizer:

Collaboration diagram for QUESO::GslOptimizer:

Public Types
enum	SolverType { FLETCHER_REEVES_CG, POLAK_RIBIERE_CG, BFGS, BFGS2, STEEPEST_DESCENT, NELDER_MEAD, NELDER_MEAD2, NELDER_MEAD2_RAND }

Public Member Functions
	GslOptimizer (const BaseScalarFunction< GslVector, GslMatrix > &objectiveFunction)
	Constructs an object that will maximize a scalar function. More...

	GslOptimizer (OptimizerOptions options, const BaseScalarFunction< GslVector, GslMatrix > &objectiveFunction)
	Constructs an object that will maximize a scalar function. More...

virtual	~GslOptimizer ()
	Destructor. More...

virtual void	minimize (OptimizerMonitor *monitor=NULL)
	Minimize the objective function, starting at `m_initialPoint`. More...

const BaseScalarFunction < GslVector, GslMatrix > &	objectiveFunction () const
	Returns the objective function. More...

void	setInitialPoint (const GslVector &intialPoint)
	Set the point at which the optimization starts. More...

const GslVector &	minimizer () const
	Return the point that minimizes the objective function. More...

void	set_solver_type (SolverType solver)

void	set_solver_type (std::string &solver)

SolverType	string_to_enum (std::string &solver)

void	set_step_size (const GslVector &step_size)
	Sets step size used in gradient-free solvers. More...

void	set_step_size (double step_size)
	Sets step size used in gradient-based solvers. More...

void	set_line_tol (double tol)
	Set GSL line minimization tolerance. More...

virtual std::string	getSolverType () const
	Gets the algorithm to use for minimisation. More...

virtual double	getFstepSize () const
	Gets the step size to use in gradient-free solvers. More...

virtual double	getFdfstepSize () const
	Gets the step to use in gradient-based solvers. More...

virtual double	getLineTolerance () const
	Gets the tolerance to use for line minimisation. More...

virtual void	setSolverType (std::string solverType)
	Sets the algorithm to use for minimisation. More...

virtual void	setFstepSize (double fstepSize)
	Sets the step size to use in gradient-free solvers. More...

virtual void	setFdfstepSize (double fdfstepSize)
	Sets the step to use in gradient-based solvers. More...

virtual void	setLineTolerance (double lineTolerance)
	Sets the tolerance to use for line minimisation. More...

Public Member Functions inherited from QUESO::BaseOptimizer
	BaseOptimizer ()
	Default constructor. More...

	BaseOptimizer (OptimizerOptions options)
	Constructor that takes an options object. More...

virtual	~BaseOptimizer ()
	Destructor. More...

unsigned int	getMaxIterations () const
	Returns the maximum number of iterations the optimizer will do. More...

double	getTolerance () const
	Returns the tolerance used to test for an extremum in the optimizer. More...

double	getFiniteDifferenceStepSize () const
	Returns the step size used in the finite difference formula. More...

void	setMaxIterations (unsigned int maxIterations)
	Sets the maximum number of iterations to be used by the optimizer. More...

void	setTolerance (double tolerance)
	Sets the tolerance the optimizer will use to test for an extremum. More...

void	setFiniteDifferenceStepSize (double h)
	Sets the step to use in the finite difference derivative. More...

Private Member Functions
bool	solver_needs_gradient (SolverType solver)
	Helper function. More...

void	minimize_with_gradient (unsigned int dim, OptimizerMonitor *monitor)

void	minimize_no_gradient (unsigned int dim, OptimizerMonitor *monitor)

Private Attributes
const BaseScalarFunction < GslVector, GslMatrix > &	m_objectiveFunction

GslVector *	m_initialPoint

GslVector *	m_minimizer

SolverType	m_solver_type

GslVector	m_fstep_size
	For use in gradient-free algorithms. More...

double	m_fdfstep_size
	For use in gradient-based algorithms. More...

double	m_line_tol
	Line minimization tolerance in gradient-based algorithms. More...

Additional Inherited Members
Protected Attributes inherited from QUESO::BaseOptimizer
unsigned int	m_maxIterations

double	m_tolerance

double	m_finiteDifferenceStepSize

std::string	m_solverType

double	m_fstepSize

double	m_fdfstepSize

double	m_lineTolerance

ScopedPtr< OptimizerOptions >::Type	m_optionsObj

Detailed Description

A base class for handling optimisation of scalar functions.

WRITE DOCS HERE

Definition at line 50 of file GslOptimizer.h.

Member Enumeration Documentation

enum QUESO::GslOptimizer::SolverType

Enumerator
FLETCHER_REEVES_CG
POLAK_RIBIERE_CG
BFGS
BFGS2
STEEPEST_DESCENT
NELDER_MEAD
NELDER_MEAD2
NELDER_MEAD2_RAND

Definition at line 82 of file GslOptimizer.h.

                   { FLETCHER_REEVES_CG,
                     POLAK_RIBIERE_CG,
                     BFGS,
                     BFGS2,
                     STEEPEST_DESCENT,
                     NELDER_MEAD,
                     NELDER_MEAD2,
                     NELDER_MEAD2_RAND };

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

QUESO::GslOptimizer::GslOptimizer ( const BaseScalarFunction< GslVector, GslMatrix > & objectiveFunction )

Constructs an object that will maximize a scalar function.

The function objectiveFunction is the function that will be maximized.

Definition at line 155 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::GslVector::cwSet(), getFstepSize(), getSolverType(), m_fstep_size, m_minimizer, and setSolverType().

   : BaseOptimizer(),
     m_objectiveFunction(objectiveFunction),
     m_initialPoint(new GslVector(objectiveFunction.domainSet().
           vectorSpace().zeroVector())),
     m_minimizer(new GslVector(this->m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().
         vectorSpace().zeroVector())),
     m_solver_type(BFGS2),
     m_fstep_size(this->m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().vectorSpace().zeroVector()),
     m_fdfstep_size(getFdfstepSize()),
     m_line_tol(getLineTolerance())
 {
   // We initialize the minimizer to GSL_NAN just in case the optimization fails
   m_minimizer->cwSet(GSL_NAN);
 
   // Set to documented default value.
   m_fstep_size.cwSet(getFstepSize());
 
   // Set solver type to the one set in the options object
   setSolverType(getSolverType());
 }

QUESO::GslOptimizer::GslOptimizer	(	OptimizerOptions	options,
		const BaseScalarFunction< GslVector, GslMatrix > &	objectiveFunction
	)

Constructs an object that will maximize a scalar function.

The function objectiveFunction is the function that will be maximized. This constructor allows the passing of custom options to optimizer to modify things like tolerance, maximum number of iterations, and finite difference step size.

Definition at line 178 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::GslVector::cwSet(), getFstepSize(), getSolverType(), m_fstep_size, m_minimizer, and setSolverType().

   : BaseOptimizer(options),
     m_objectiveFunction(objectiveFunction),
     m_initialPoint(new GslVector(objectiveFunction.domainSet().
           vectorSpace().zeroVector())),
     m_minimizer(new GslVector(this->m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().
         vectorSpace().zeroVector())),
     m_solver_type(BFGS2),
     m_fstep_size(this->m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().vectorSpace().zeroVector()),
     m_fdfstep_size(getFdfstepSize()),
     m_line_tol(getLineTolerance())
 {
   // We initialize the minimizer to GSL_NAN just in case the optimization fails
   m_minimizer->cwSet(GSL_NAN);
 
   // Set to documented default value.
   m_fstep_size.cwSet(getFstepSize());
 
   // Set solver type to the one set in the options object
   setSolverType(getSolverType());
 }

QUESO::GslOptimizer::~GslOptimizer ( )

virtual

Destructor.

Definition at line 202 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_initialPoint.

 {
   delete this->m_initialPoint;
 }

Member Function Documentation

double QUESO::GslOptimizer::getFdfstepSize ( ) const

virtual

Gets the step to use in gradient-based solvers.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 600 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj.

Referenced by minimize_with_gradient().

 {
   return this->m_optionsObj->m_fdfstepSize;
 }

double QUESO::GslOptimizer::getFstepSize ( ) const

virtual

Gets the step size to use in gradient-free solvers.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 594 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj.

Referenced by GslOptimizer().

 {
   return this->m_optionsObj->m_fstepSize;
 }

double QUESO::GslOptimizer::getLineTolerance ( ) const

virtual

Gets the tolerance to use for line minimisation.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 606 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj.

Referenced by minimize_with_gradient().

 {
   return this->m_optionsObj->m_lineTolerance;
 }

std::string QUESO::GslOptimizer::getSolverType ( ) const

virtual

Gets the algorithm to use for minimisation.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 588 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj.

Referenced by GslOptimizer().

 {
   return this->m_optionsObj->m_solverType;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::minimize ( OptimizerMonitor * monitor = NULL )

virtual

Minimize the objective function, starting at m_initialPoint.

m_initialPoint is handled in the derived class

Implements QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 207 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References dim, m_initialPoint, m_objectiveFunction, m_solver_type, minimize_no_gradient(), minimize_with_gradient(), and solver_needs_gradient().

Referenced by QUESO::StatisticalInverseProblem< P_V, P_M >::solveWithBayesMetropolisHastings().

                                                      {
 
   // First check that initial guess is reasonable
   if (!this->m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().contains(*(this->m_initialPoint)))
     {
       if( m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().env().fullRank() == 0 )
         {
           std::cerr << "Minimization was given initial point outside of domain"
                     << std::endl;
         }
       queso_error();
     }
 
   unsigned int dim = this->m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().vectorSpace().
     zeroVector().sizeLocal();
 
   // We use m_solver_type here because we need the enum
   if( this->solver_needs_gradient(m_solver_type) )
     {
       this->minimize_with_gradient( dim, monitor );
     }
   else
     {
       this->minimize_no_gradient( dim, monitor );
     }
 
   return;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::minimize_no_gradient	(	unsigned int	dim,
		OptimizerMonitor *	monitor
	)

private

Definition at line 391 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::OptimizerMonitor::append(), BFGS, BFGS2, QUESO::c_evaluate(), dim, FLETCHER_REEVES_CG, QUESO::BaseOptimizer::getMaxIterations(), QUESO::BaseOptimizer::getTolerance(), m_fstep_size, m_initialPoint, m_objectiveFunction, m_solver_type, NELDER_MEAD, NELDER_MEAD2, NELDER_MEAD2_RAND, POLAK_RIBIERE_CG, QUESO::size, and STEEPEST_DESCENT.

Referenced by minimize().

 {
   // Set initial point
   gsl_vector* x = gsl_vector_alloc(dim);
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
     gsl_vector_set(x, i, (*m_initialPoint)[i]);
   }
 
   // Tell GSL which solver we're using
   const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type* type = NULL;
 
   switch(m_solver_type)
     {
     case(NELDER_MEAD):
       type = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       break;
     case(NELDER_MEAD2):
       type = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex2;
       break;
     case(NELDER_MEAD2_RAND):
       type = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex2rand;
       break;
     case(FLETCHER_REEVES_CG):
     case(POLAK_RIBIERE_CG):
     case(BFGS):
     case(BFGS2):
     case(STEEPEST_DESCENT):
     default:
       // Wat?!
       queso_error();
     }
 
   // Init solver
   gsl_multimin_fminimizer* solver =
     gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc(type, dim);
 
   // Point GSL at the right functions
   gsl_multimin_function minusLogPosterior;
   minusLogPosterior.n = dim;
   minusLogPosterior.f = &c_evaluate;
   minusLogPosterior.params = (void *)(this);
 
   // Needed for these gradient free algorithms.
   gsl_vector* step_size = gsl_vector_alloc(dim);
 
   for(unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
     gsl_vector_set(step_size, i, m_fstep_size[i]);
   }
 
   gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set(solver, &minusLogPosterior, x, step_size);
 
   int status;
   size_t iter = 0;
   double size = 0.0;
 
   do
     {
       iter++;
       status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(solver);
 
       if (status) {
         if( m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().env().fullRank() == 0 )
           {
             std::cerr << "Error while GSL does optimisation. "
                       << "See below for GSL error type." << std::endl;
             std::cerr << "Gsl error: " << gsl_strerror(status) << std::endl;
           }
         break;
       }
 
       size = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size(solver);
 
       status = gsl_multimin_test_size (size, this->getTolerance());
 
       if(monitor)
       {
         gsl_vector* x = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_x(solver);
         std::vector<double> x_min(dim);
         for( unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
           x_min[i] = gsl_vector_get(x,i);
 
         double f = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_minimum(solver);
 
         monitor->append( x_min, f, size );
       }
 
     }
 
   while ((status == GSL_CONTINUE) && (iter < this->getMaxIterations()));
 
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
     (*m_minimizer)[i] = gsl_vector_get(solver->x, i);
   }
 
   // We're being good human beings and cleaning up the memory we allocated
   gsl_vector_free(step_size);
   gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free(solver);
   gsl_vector_free(x);
 
   return;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::minimize_with_gradient	(	unsigned int	dim,
		OptimizerMonitor *	monitor
	)

private

Definition at line 293 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::OptimizerMonitor::append(), BFGS, BFGS2, QUESO::c_evaluate(), QUESO::c_evaluate_derivative(), QUESO::c_evaluate_with_derivative(), dim, FLETCHER_REEVES_CG, getFdfstepSize(), getLineTolerance(), QUESO::BaseOptimizer::getMaxIterations(), m_initialPoint, m_objectiveFunction, m_solver_type, NELDER_MEAD, NELDER_MEAD2, NELDER_MEAD2_RAND, POLAK_RIBIERE_CG, and STEEPEST_DESCENT.

Referenced by minimize().

 {
   // Set initial point
   gsl_vector * x = gsl_vector_alloc(dim);
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
     gsl_vector_set(x, i, (*m_initialPoint)[i]);
   }
 
   // Tell GSL which solver we're using
   const gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_type* type = NULL;
 
   // We use m_solver_type here because we need the enum
   switch(m_solver_type)
     {
     case(FLETCHER_REEVES_CG):
       type = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_conjugate_fr;
       break;
     case(POLAK_RIBIERE_CG):
       type = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_conjugate_pr;
       break;
     case(BFGS):
       type = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_vector_bfgs;
       break;
     case(BFGS2):
       type = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_vector_bfgs2;
       break;
     case(STEEPEST_DESCENT):
       type = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_steepest_descent;
       break;
     case(NELDER_MEAD):
     case(NELDER_MEAD2):
     case(NELDER_MEAD2_RAND):
     default:
       // Wat?!
       queso_error();
     }
 
   // Init solver
   gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer * solver =
     gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_alloc(type, dim);
 
   // Point GSL to the right functions
   gsl_multimin_function_fdf minusLogPosterior;
   minusLogPosterior.n = dim;
   minusLogPosterior.f = &c_evaluate;
   minusLogPosterior.df = &c_evaluate_derivative;
   minusLogPosterior.fdf = &c_evaluate_with_derivative;
   minusLogPosterior.params = (void *)(this);
 
   gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_set(solver, &minusLogPosterior, x, getFdfstepSize(), getLineTolerance());
 
   int status;
   size_t iter = 0;
 
   do {
     iter++;
     status = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_iterate(solver);
 
     if (status) {
       if( m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().env().fullRank() == 0 )
         {
           std::cerr << "Error while GSL does optimisation. "
                     << "See below for GSL error type." << std::endl;
           std::cerr << "Gsl error: " << gsl_strerror(status) << std::endl;
         }
       break;
     }
 
     status = gsl_multimin_test_gradient(solver->gradient, this->getTolerance());
 
     if(monitor)
       {
         gsl_vector* x = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_x(solver);
         std::vector<double> x_min(dim);
         for( unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
           x_min[i] = gsl_vector_get(x,i);
 
         double f = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_minimum(solver);
 
         gsl_vector* grad = gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_gradient(solver);
         double grad_norm = gsl_blas_dnrm2(grad);
 
         monitor->append( x_min, f, grad_norm );
       }
 
   } while ((status == GSL_CONTINUE) && (iter < this->getMaxIterations()));
 
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
     (*m_minimizer)[i] = gsl_vector_get(solver->x, i);
   }
 
   // We're being good human beings and cleaning up the memory we allocated
   gsl_multimin_fdfminimizer_free(solver);
   gsl_vector_free(x);
 
   return;
 }

const GslVector & QUESO::GslOptimizer::minimizer ( ) const

Return the point that minimizes the objective function.

This state will be filled with GSL_NAN if, for some reason, the optimization failed

Definition at line 251 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_minimizer.

Referenced by QUESO::StatisticalInverseProblem< P_V, P_M >::solveWithBayesMetropolisHastings().

 {
   return *(this->m_minimizer);
 }

const BaseScalarFunction< GslVector, GslMatrix > & QUESO::GslOptimizer::objectiveFunction ( ) const

Returns the objective function.

Definition at line 237 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_objectiveFunction.

Referenced by QUESO::c_evaluate(), QUESO::c_evaluate_derivative(), and setFstepSize().

 {
   return this->m_objectiveFunction;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::set_line_tol ( double tol )

Set GSL line minimization tolerance.

Applicable only to gradient-based solvers. Default is 0.1, as recommended by GSL documentation. See GSL documentation for more details.

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::set_solver_type ( SolverType solver )

Definition at line 256 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_solver_type.

Referenced by set_solver_type(), and setSolverType().

 {
   queso_deprecated();
   m_solver_type = solver;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::set_solver_type ( std::string & solver )

Definition at line 549 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References set_solver_type(), and string_to_enum().

 {
   queso_deprecated()
   this->set_solver_type( this->string_to_enum(solver) );
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::set_step_size ( const GslVector & step_size )

Sets step size used in gradient-free solvers.

By default, the step size used will be a vector of 0.1. Use this method to reset the step_size to the desired values.

Definition at line 493 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_fstep_size.

Referenced by setFdfstepSize(), and setFstepSize().

 {
   queso_deprecated();
   m_fstep_size = step_size;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::set_step_size ( double step_size )

Sets step size used in gradient-based solvers.

GSL doesn't document this parameter well, but it seems to be related to the line search, so we default to 1.0 for full step.

Definition at line 499 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_fdfstep_size.

 {
   queso_deprecated();
   m_fdfstep_size = step_size;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::setFdfstepSize ( double fdfstepSize )

virtual

Sets the step to use in gradient-based solvers.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 575 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj, and set_step_size().

 {
   this->m_optionsObj->m_fdfstepSize = fdfstepSize;
   this->set_step_size(fdfstepSize);
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::setFstepSize ( double fstepSize )

virtual

Sets the step size to use in gradient-free solvers.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 563 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::GslVector::cwSet(), QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj, objectiveFunction(), and set_step_size().

 {
   this->m_optionsObj->m_fstepSize = fstepSize;
 
   GslVector fstepSizeVector(
       objectiveFunction().domainSet().vectorSpace().zeroVector());
   fstepSizeVector.cwSet(fstepSize);
 
   this->set_step_size(fstepSizeVector);
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::setInitialPoint ( const GslVector & intialPoint )

Set the point at which the optimization starts.

Definition at line 243 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References m_initialPoint, and QUESO::GslVector::sizeLocal().

Referenced by QUESO::StatisticalInverseProblem< P_V, P_M >::solveWithBayesMetropolisHastings().

 {
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < initialPoint.sizeLocal(); i++) {
     (*(this->m_initialPoint))[i] = initialPoint[i];
   }
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::setLineTolerance ( double lineTolerance )

virtual

Sets the tolerance to use for line minimisation.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 582 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj.

 {
   this->m_optionsObj->m_lineTolerance = lineTolerance;
 }

void QUESO::GslOptimizer::setSolverType ( std::string solverType )

virtual

Sets the algorithm to use for minimisation.

Reimplemented from QUESO::BaseOptimizer.

Definition at line 556 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References QUESO::BaseOptimizer::m_optionsObj, and set_solver_type().

Referenced by GslOptimizer().

 {
   this->m_optionsObj->m_solverType = solverType;
   this->set_solver_type(solverType);
 }

bool QUESO::GslOptimizer::solver_needs_gradient ( SolverType solver )

private

Helper function.

Definition at line 262 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References BFGS, BFGS2, FLETCHER_REEVES_CG, NELDER_MEAD, NELDER_MEAD2, NELDER_MEAD2_RAND, POLAK_RIBIERE_CG, and STEEPEST_DESCENT.

Referenced by minimize().

 {
   bool gradient_needed = false;
 
   switch(solver)
     {
     case(FLETCHER_REEVES_CG):
     case(POLAK_RIBIERE_CG):
     case(BFGS):
     case(BFGS2):
     case(STEEPEST_DESCENT):
       {
         gradient_needed = true;
         break;
       }
     case(NELDER_MEAD):
     case(NELDER_MEAD2):
     case(NELDER_MEAD2_RAND):
       {
         break;
       }
     default:
       {
         // Wat?!
         queso_error();
       }
     } // switch(solver)
 
   return gradient_needed;
 }

GslOptimizer::SolverType QUESO::GslOptimizer::string_to_enum ( std::string & solver )

Definition at line 505 of file GslOptimizer.C.

References BFGS, BFGS2, FLETCHER_REEVES_CG, m_objectiveFunction, NELDER_MEAD, NELDER_MEAD2, NELDER_MEAD2_RAND, POLAK_RIBIERE_CG, and STEEPEST_DESCENT.

Referenced by set_solver_type().

 {
   SolverType solver_type;
 
   if( solver == std::string("fletcher_reeves_cg") )
     solver_type = FLETCHER_REEVES_CG;
   else if( solver == std::string("polak_ribiere_cg") )
     solver_type = POLAK_RIBIERE_CG;
   else if( solver == std::string("bfgs") )
     solver_type = BFGS;
   else if( solver == std::string("bfgs2") )
     solver_type = BFGS2;
   else if( solver == std::string("steepest_decent") ) {
     queso_deprecated();
     solver_type = STEEPEST_DESCENT;
   }
   else if( solver == std::string("steepest_descent") )
     solver_type = STEEPEST_DESCENT;
   else if( solver == std::string("nelder_mead") )
     solver_type = NELDER_MEAD;
   else if( solver == std::string("nelder_mead2") )
     solver_type = NELDER_MEAD2;
   else if( solver == std::string("nelder_mead2_rand") )
     solver_type = NELDER_MEAD2_RAND;
   else
     {
       if( m_objectiveFunction.domainSet().env().fullRank() == 0 )
         {
           std::cerr << "Error: Invalid GslOptimizer solver name: " << solver << std::endl
                     << "       Valids choices are: fletcher_reeves_cg" << std::endl
                     << "                           polak_ribiere_cg" << std::endl
                     << "                           bfgs" << std::endl
                     << "                           bfgs2" << std::endl
                     << "                           steepest_descent" << std::endl
                     << "                           nelder_mead" << std::endl
                     << "                           nelder_mead2" << std::endl
                     << "                           nelder_mead2_rand" << std::endl;
         }
       queso_error();
     }
 
   return solver_type;
 }